Class Research Resources and Assignments

Week 5
Our Historical Context: Colonialism, Imperialism and Sprawl
Supplementary Material for Week 4
Week's Assigned Readings
Slides of Week 5 Lectures
 Videos of Week 5 Lectures

In addition to these slides from the class lecture, please view the substantial supplementary information on the role of "exceptionalist" religious belief and how it is maniffest in the present White House and in the current political campaign. In viewing this material, ask yourselves:

How are people -- equipped with this worldview -- likely to view the
environment and humankind's role within the ecosystem?

 

 

"It may not be improper to characterize as ecological imperialism the elaboration of a world organization that is centered in industrial societies and degrades the ecosystems of the agrarian societies it absorbs. Ecological imperialism is in some ways similar to economic imperialism. In both there is a flow of energy and material from the less organized system to the more organized one, and both may also be masked by the same euphemisms, among which "progress" and "development" are prominent.
     The anthropocentric trend I have described may have ethical implications, but the issue is ultimately not a matter of morality or even of Realpolitik. It is one of biological viability."
 

Roy Rappaport, "The Flow of Energy in an Agricultural Society," Scientific American (1971)

     Although some writers seem to transcend their circumstances while considering issues of environmental ethics, most thinkers are thoroughly grounded in the conditions of a particular time and place. This is also true of cultures as a whole. The values of a culture are "artifacts" of historical circumstance and collective experience.

     It is important to keep this in mind in assessing statements about "what ought to be done" to or with the land. The contemporary concern for land and resource management comes into play only after a particular history of colonial expansion and imperial domination that has characterized global history for the last five hundred years.

     What impact does this history have upon statements of environmental ethics? What "rights" are thought to be inherent in land "ownership" for example? What are "water rights?" In effect, these phenomena are social conventions built up from the history of occupation and control of expanding agrarian societies.

     But what about the other side of the frontier? Should the sensitivities and sensibilities of the "First Nations" whose lands were taken, occupied or conquered be taken into account in developing contemporary environmental ethics? With the recent history of colonialism in mind, what is an appropriate "baseline" for ethical judgments about appropriate human behavior in the environment?

     To begin, we would do best to consider the "ecological profile" of the colonial chapters in human history. Read and consider the argument put forward in the following articles.
 
Timothy C. Weiskel
1987
 "Agents of Empire: Steps Toward an Ecology of Imperialism," Environmental Review, 11, 4, (Winter, 1987), pp. 273-288.
Timothy C. Weiskel
1989
 "The Ecological Lessons of the Past: An Anthropology of Environmental Decline," The Ecologist,
Volume 19, No. 3 (May/June, 1989), pp. 98-103.

Related Reading:

James M. Blaut
1993
 The Colonizer's Model of the World (Guilford, CT., Guilford Press, 1993).

Attributes of Evolving Cultural Worldviews
  Implicit Assumptions of Foraging Society's Worldview
Implicit Assumptions of the Neolithic or Peasant Worldview
  Implicit Assumptions of the Colonial Worldview
    Implicit Assumptions of the Colonial (Mercantilile Capitalist) Worldview
    Implicit Assumptions of the Colonial (Industrial Capitalist) Worldview
    Implicit Assumptions of the Colonial (Financial Capitalist) Worldview

 

Contested Worldviews - Post-Columbian Debates

 
Democracy Now
2006
 "Challenging Columbus Day: Denver Organizers Discuss Why They Protest the Holiday," Democracy Now, (6 October 2006).
Democracy Now
2006
 "Minuteman Founder Jim Gilchrist Storms Off Democracy Now! Debate With Columbia Student Organizer," Democracy Now, (11 October 2006).

Thinking about Sprawl

Consider the following two documentaries. View the short clips for each and then, when you have time, allow an hour to view each completely.
 

What according the Christopher M. Cook, the Producer of these two documentaries, are the major contributing factors to sprawl in post-war America?

Further Case Study Material

  • Sprawl in Montana. The photo spreads in the glossy magazines show big skies, tall mountains and miles and miles of nothing. That's the image of Montana we've been given. But like some exotic species of alien plant, urban sprawl is invading as more people want a home on the range. NPR's Elizabeth Arnold visits the Rocky Mountain state to find out what drives "western" sprawl, and what people there are doing about it. (12:30)    
        http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1049915
        http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/atc/19990511.atc.07.ram
  • The Price of Sprawl. From member station WNIJ in DeKalb, Illinois, Susan Stephens reports that replacing farmland with housing developments is leading to social and environmental problems. A new study says the local community must pay higher taxes; police, fire and ambulances are forced to cover a larger area; and children face up to two hours a day on the bus, riding to and from school. (4:28)
        http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1026614
        http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/980304.me.06.ram
  • Virginia Sprawl - Hi Tech to Suburbs. NPR's Snigda Prakash reports on the boom in technology companies in the Northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, DC, and on the sprawling growth of housing, shopping centers, and traffic in the western part of Fairfax County, Virginia. The economic activity is driven by the computer industry, specifically Internet access providers, such as America Online, UUnet, and PSInet, whose offices are located along the 13-mile road that joins Tyson's Corner to Dulles Airport. Some of the wealthier residents of neighboring Loudon County are trying to keep real estate development from spreading to their rustic enclaves. (6:47)
        http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1066634
        http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/me/19991115.me.13.ram
  • Suburban Sprawl - Albuquerque. As part of The Changing Face of America series, NPR's John Nielsen reports from Albuquerque on the real estate development formula that drives the creation of regional shopping malls and suburban sprawl across the country. Nielsen talks to Chris Leinberger, an expert on 'the science of sprawl,' who says that sprawl is planned, not random or haphazard. (7:35)
        http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1079984
        http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/me/20000726.me.11.ram
  • Changing Face of America: Florida. Our series on the changing face of America continues with a look at fast changing south Florida. Battered by several seasons of severe storms, Floridians are abandoning the coasts and moving inland. Hurricane immigrants have swelled the population of a once quiet farming area on the edge of the Everglades. The neighboring towns of Pembroke Pines and Southwest Ranches in Broward County, Florida, have made different decisions about their destinies. Pembroke Pines is a classic suburban community of subdivisions and strip malls and is the third fastest growing city in the United States. It went from 1,500 residents in 1960, to ,000 in 1990, to an estimated 120,000 in 2000. The city is now almost totally built out and is now playing catch up with problems that were created by the huge influx of people: traffic, school overcrowding, water and environmental issues. Many families moved to Pembroke Pines because they felt that it was a good place to raise a family. The city has numerous parks and recreational activities for kids, including a strong athletic league, and very good schools. Despite the difficulties caused by sprawl, most people still enjoy living there. Southwest Ranches made very different choices about its growth. It is a much more rural town and it plans to stay that way. It fought against annexation with Pembroke Pines, and in March the city incorporated to ensure it had control over its own destiny. Southwest Ranches residents, who number about 7,000, have decided they want no more shopping malls and fewer traffic lights and housing developments. (11:00)
        http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1074584
        http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/atc/20000524.atc.06.ram
  • Northwest Arsons.Ecoterrorists are suspected to be responsible for fires at a University of Washington botany lab and an Oregon tree farm earlier this week. The arsons are believed to be protests against genetic engineering. Noah Adams talks with Tom Paulson, science reporter for the Seattle Post Intelligencer. (4:30)
        http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1123361
        http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/atc/20010523.atc.04.ram


The Case of Atlanta - Sprawl City:

  • Atlanta's Growth. From member station WABE, Joshua Levs reports on concern that Atlanta is growing too fast. The increase in new jobs has lead to an increased population that has created a serious case of urban sprawl and traffic congestion. Now, many Atlanta business and community leaders are trying to figure out a way to control (7:30)
        http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1050514
        http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/me/19990525.me.03.ram

  • Sprawl in Atlanta. Urban sprawl is on a lot of agendas right now. Ground Zero for urban sprawl in the U.S is the Atlanta metropolitan area. In the 1990s, suburban development is eating up fifty acres of green space a day. And, on average, a person in Atlanta spends 34 miles on the road every day -- more than anywhere else in the U.S. But in Atlanta, it's not just the politicians and the environmentalists who are concerned about the pace of the city's growth -- business leaders, too, are trying to control Atlanta's development ... and they think they can make money in the process. NPR's John Nielsen reports on developers who have built their businesses in the suburbs who are now focusing on in-town projects and big employers who are moving their offices from the suburbs to the city. (7:00)
        http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1049857
        http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/atc/19990510.atc.06.ram
 
  • Employers and Sprawl. Noah talks to Kim Walesh of Collaborative Economics, a research and consulting firm based in Palo Alto, California, about companies that are moving their employees into the cities instead of into office parks in the suburbs. One example is the software company Adobe which is located in San Jose.
        http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1049859
        http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/atc/19990510.atc.07.ram

  • Auburn Avenue. NPR's John Nielsen continues his report from Atlanta. The southern part of the city, which is traditionally African-American, has been hurt by urban sprawl. Middle class blacks moved out to the suburbs in the '70s, '80s, and '90s. But groups in the city's black neighborhoods are trying to include their communities in the revival of Atlanta's city center. (3:00)
        http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1049859
        http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/atc/19990510.atc.08.ram

  • Sprawls and Cars. Noah talks to transportation consultant Alan Pisarski about driving in the suburbs. Pisarski says that driving other than commuting takes up more and more driving time and is causing more and more traffic problems. He says that 11am on Saturdays, when people are running errands, may be one of the heaviest traffic times, and that reliance on cars to do personal business will probably not decrease in the future because cars are much more efficient for these trips than transit or carpooling. (2:30)
        http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1049871
        http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/atc/19990510.atc.09.rmm

  • Sprawl and Suburbs. NPR's Kathy Lohr reports from Atlanta that even though there is a movement in Atlanta to develop more heavily within the city limits, the suburbs continue to grow. The Mall of Georgia -- the biggest shopping mall in the area -- is near to completion, and the outer counties of the Atlanta metro area are adding more housing all the time. Suburban developers say that people want to live and shop in the suburbs and they are just following that desire. (5:15)
        http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1049861
        http://www.npr.org/ramfiles/atc/19990510.atc.10.rmm

Supplementary Material

Important continuing information for our course
related to the film

End of Suburbia
(watch full-length documentary film)

Calthorpe, Peter. The next American metropolis: ecology, community, and the American dream. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, c1993. Advocates fundamental change in patterns of building. A how-to-book.

Colin Campbell
http://www.peakoil.net
See also: Colin Campbell - additional material

Julian Darley, High noon for natural gas: the new energy crisis. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, [November, 2004.] A critical analysis of government policy on energy and the potentially catastrophic energy crisis of natural gas. Blackouts, rising gas prices, changes to the Clean Air Act, proposals to open wilderness and protected offshore areas to gas drilling, increasing dependence on natural gas for electricity generation: these are developments requiring our attention. See also: Julian Darley - additional material

Kenneth S. Deffeyes, Hubbert’s Peak: the impending world oil shortage. Princeton: Princeton University Press, c2001. Hubbert predicted in 1956 that U. S. oil production would reach its highest level in the early 1970’s and it did. Demonstrates why a world-wide energy crisis is just around the corner and tells us what we can do to thrive after Hubbert’s peak has passed. See also: Kenneth Deffeyes - additional material

Richard Heinberg, Cloning the Buddha: the moral impact of biotechnology. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books, Theosophical Publishing House, c1999. Author attacks some of the thorniest ethical issues we face using plant and animal research, interviews and a clear overview of biotech impact.

------- The Party’s over: oil, war and the fate of industrial societies. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, c2003. A look at the imminent decline of cheap oil and possibility of resource wars. Also discusses how energy alternatives can compensate for oil and recommends ways to prepare for coming global crisis.

------- Powerdown: options and actions for a post-carbon world. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, [November, 2004.] See also: Richard Heinberg -- additional material

Michael T. Klare, Blood and oil: The Dangers and Consequences of America's Growing Petroleum Dependency (The American Empire Project). Metropolitan Books, 2004. The world's rapidly growing economy is dependent on oil, the supply is running out and the U.S. and other great powers are engaged in an escalating game of brinkmanship to secure its continued free flow. Such is the premise of Klare's powerful and brilliant new book (following Resource Wars).

------- Resource wars: the new landscape of global conflict. New York: Metropolitan/Owl book, Henry Holt and Company, c2001. A look at the growing impact of resource scarcity on the military policies of nations. See also: Michael Klare - additional material

James Howard Kunstler, The geography of nowhere: the rise and decline of America’s man-made landscape. New York: Simon & Schuster, c1993. Tour of our built landscape, our human ecology. 80% of everything ever built in America has been built since the end of World War II. Every place is like no place in particular where the city is a dead zone and the countryside a wasteland of cars and blacktop. See also: James Kunstler - additional material and specifically:

Interview with James Howard Kunstler, author of "The Long Emergency" Oasis Forum - WKNH - GlobalPublicMedia.com, (19 June 2006).
Excerpt on Sprawl from interview with James Howard Kunstler, author of "The Long Emergency" Oasis Forum - WKNH - GlobalPublicMedia.com, (19 June 2006).

Michael C. Ruppert, Crossing the Rubicon: the decline of the American Empire at the end of the Age of Oil. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, [2004?.] The Rubicon signifies a point of no return. Peak Oil and 9/11 are two such points that signal so profound a change in the course of world events that no one will remain unaffected. The book places 9/11 at the center of a desperate new America, created by specific, named individuals in preparation for Peak Oil: an economic crisis like nothing the world has ever seen. See also: Michael Ruppert - additional material

Matthew Simmons
http://www.simmonsco-intl.com - See also Matt Simmons - additional material

Publications on "oil peak" phenomena:

Powerdown : Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World
by Richard Heinberg

The Party's Over: Oil, War and the Fate of Industrial Societies
by Richard Heinberg

Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil
by David Goodstein

Hubbert's Peak : The Impending World Oil Shortage
by Kenneth S. Deffeyes

Beyond Oil : The View From Hubbert's Peak
by Kenneth S. Deffeyes

The 2030 Spike: Countdown to Global Catastrophe
by Colin Mason

Environment, Scarcity, and Violence.
by Thomas F. Homer-Dixon

Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict With a New Introduction by the Author
by Michael T. Klare

Blood and Oil : The Dangers and Consequences of America's Growing Petroleum Dependency (The American Empire Project)
by Michael T. Klare

The Coming Oil Crisis
by C. J. Campbell

The End of Oil : On the Edge of a Perilous New World
by Paul Roberts

The Oil Factor: How Oil Controls the Economy and Your Financial Future
by Donna Leeb, Stephen Leeb

High Noon for Natural Gas: The New Energy Crisis
by Julian Darley

Energy at the Crossroads : Global Perspectives and Uncertainties
by Vaclav Smil

Supplementary Material on Access to Global Resources Required by Sprawl

Consider values represented in the differing perspectives of former economists who describe the evolution of their own understanding of our circumstance.

"World's resources running out," BBC News Online, (24 October 2006).
John Perkins
2005
 Interview with John Perkins," PBS - Now, (4 March 2005).
John Perkins
2005
 Interview with John Perkins," Democracy Now, (31 December 2004).
David Korten
2006
 "David Korten and the Great Turning," NPR - Making Contact, (18 October 2006).
Why We Fight
2005
 Documentary film detailing the symbiotic relationship between the military and U.S. industry for both resources and markets.

Contrast their "worldviews" with that of this year's Nobel laureate in economics:

Edmund Phelps
"Economist Edmund Phelps," NPR - WBUR - On Point, (17 October 2006).

By contrast, consider this expression of experience from a "subject" of the American empire.

Arundhati Roy
2003

"Arundhati Roy "Instant-Mix Imperial Democracy (Buy One, Get One Free)," Presented in New York City at The Riverside Church May 13, 2003

In some areas the former "subjects" have become heads of state. Evo Morales is the first native American to be elected President of a Latin American country. He comes to the position with a different worldview than that which has dominated Latin America for the last five hundred years.

Evo Morales
2006

"Bolivian President Evo Morales on Latin America, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Role of the Indigenous People of Bolivia," Democracy Now, (22 September 2006).

In other cases, Presidents like Hugo Chavez believe they have direct evidence of U.S. efforts to topple their regimes.

Greg Palast
2006

"Chavez accuses US over coup plot - 2002," BBC Newsnight, (13 May 2002).

In still other cases, the people most directly affected by the extraction practices of multinational corporations are beginning to get organized in protest to toward the the "deals" that have been made over their heads. In Nigeria this is the case:

"Sweet Crude - Nigeria," Sweetcrudemovie.Com, (30 October 2006).
"American hostage in Nigeria," CNN News Online, (26 February 2006)
and

"Nigeria's oil curse," NPR Marketplace Radio, (30 October 2006).

On virtually all continents the struggle to save the environment is being linked with a struggle for proper governance and indigenous control. Consider the case of the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Wangari Maathai.

Wangari Maathai
2006

"Interview with Nobel Peace Prize Winner Wangari Maathai," NPR - Fresh Air, (25 October 2006).

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